Ethanol Extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch: Antidiarrheal Activity in Mice and Contraction Effect in Isolated Rabbit Jejunum / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch root (GFR) in vivo and jejunal contraction in vitro.@*METHODS@#In vivo, 50 mice were divided into negative control, positive control (verapamil), low-, medium- and high-dose GFR (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg) groups by a random number table, 10 mice in each group. The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhea mice model by evacuation index (EI). In vitro, the effects of GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) on the spontaneous contraction of isolated smooth muscle of rabbit jejunum and contraction of pretreated by Acetylcholine (ACh, 10 µmol/L) and KCl (60 mmol/L) were observed for 200 s. In addition, CaCl2 was accumulated to further study its mechanism after pretreating jejunal smooth muscle with GFR (1 and 3 g/L) or verapamil (0.03 and 0.1 µmol/L) in a Ca2+-free-high-K+ solution containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).@*RESULTS@#GFR (500 and 1,000 mg/kg) significantly reduced EI in castor oil-induced diarrhea model mice (P<0.01). Meanwhile, GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Contraction of jejunums samples pretreated by ACh and KCl with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values was 1.05 (0.71-1.24), 0.34 (0.29-0.41) and 0.15 (0.11-0.20) g/L, respectively. In addition, GFR moved the concentration-effect curve of CaCl2 down to the right, showing a similar effect to verapamil.@*CONCLUSIONS@#GFR can effectively against diarrhea and inhibit intestinal contraction, and these antidiarrheal effects may be based on blocking L-type Ca2+ channels and muscarinic receptors.

Compatibility and efficiency of preservatives in emulsive cosmetics containing high surfactant content

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of nonionic surfactants on the effectiveness of preservatives used in emulsions containing high surfactant content. Mixtures of different concentrations were prepared between polyethoxylated (40) hydrogenated castor oil (PHCO) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSO), with methylparaben, phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and isobutylparaben (PMEPBI) blend, phenoxyethanol and benzoic acid (BP) blend, and phenoxyethanol and caprylyl glycol (PC) blend. Subsequently, the compatibility of the formulation ingredients and the effectiveness of the preservatives were evaluated by the challenge test. It was found that PHCO and PSO inactivated the antimicrobial action of methylparaben and PMEPBI. Paraben-free preservatives BP and PC had less influence on surfactants than systems containing parabens. When incorporated into microemulsions and nanoemulsions containing 40% and 20% surfactants, methylparaben and BP 0.2% and 0.5% were only effective against Aspergillus niger. The PMEPBI 0.2% was effective as a preservative in nanoemulsified formulations against A. niger, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrate that the efficacy of the preservative system in formulations containing nonionic surfactant excipients depends on the type of excipient, the components of the formulation, the preservative systems composition, the excipient to preservative ratio, and the availability in the formulation.

Direct in vitro regeneration of castor bean plants (Ricinus communis) using epicotyls / Regeneração direta in-vitro de plantas de mamona ( Ricinus communis ) usando epicótilos

A regeneration protocol for castor bean plant (Ricinus communis) was successfully developed using epicotyl sections obtained from in vitro seedlings. The maximum number of induced shoots (4.3 shoots/explant) and highest shoots frequency (75,56%) was obtained in WPM medium supplemented with TDZ (1 mg/L) and zeatin (0.5 mg/L), whereas the minimum number (0.8 shoots/explant) and lowest shoots frequency (37,78%) was obtained in medium containing TDZ (1 mg/L) and BAP (0.5 mg/L). The highest percentage of rooting (93.3%) was obtained in a medium containing IBA (1 mg/L). These plants were transplanted in a mesh house and achieved a high adaptability to acclimatization, reaching 77% survival. On the other hand, the maximum elongation (height) during this stage was 7.9 cm in plants supplemented with WPM nutrients, whereas it was only 4.38 cm in control plants

Foi desenvolvido com sucesso um protocolo de regeneração para a planta de Mamona (Ricinus communis) utilizando seções de epicótilos, obtidas a partir de mudas in vitro. O número máximo de brotações induzidas (4.3 brotos/explante), assim como a maior frequência de brotações (75,56%), foi obtido em meio WPM suplementado com TDZ (1 mg/L) e zeatina (0,5 mg/L). Enquanto que o número mínimo (0,8 brotos/explante), como a menor freqüência de rebentos (37,78%), foi obtido em meio contendo TDZ (1 mg/L) e BAP (0,5 mg/L). Adicionalmente, a maior percentagem de enraizamento (93,3%) foi obtida em um meio contendo IBA (1 mg/L). Depois da regeneração, as plantas foram transplantadas em casa de vegetação e conseguiram uma alta adaptabilidade e aclimatização, atingindo 77% de sobrevivência. Por outro lado, oalongamento máximo (altura) durante este estágio foi de 7,9 cm em plantas suplementadas com nutrientes de WPM, enquanto as plantas de controle presentaram apenas 4,38 cm

The influence of storage method on the transparency of pig crystalline lens / A influência do método de armazenamento na transparência do cristalino de porco

ABSTRACT Purpose: The porcine eye is frequently used as a research model. This paper analyzes the effect of different storage methods on the transparency of pig crystalline lens. Methods: A spectral transmission curve (from 220 to 780 nm) for the crystalline lens was determined experimentally after storage in different conditions: saline solution, formalin, castor oil, and freezing at -80°C. The total transmission in the visible spectrum, which was used as an index of transparency, was calculated from these curves. For comparative purposes, fresh lenses were evaluated and used as controls. Results: Storing the porcine crystalline lens in saline solution or castor oil resulted in a transparency loss of approximately 10% after 24 h and storage in formalin resulted in a loss of nearly 30%. Storage by freezing at -80°C for 4 weeks maintained the transparency of the crystalline lens; the spectral transmission measured immediately after defrosting at room temperature coincided exactly with that of the freshly extracted lens. Conclusions: The transparency of porcine crystalline lens is affected by the storage method. The visible spectrum is the most affected, evidenced by the effect on the transparency and consequently the amount of light transmitted. The results show that freezing at -80°C maintains the transpa rency of the crystalline lens for at least 4 weeks.

RESUMO Objetivos: Olho de porco é frequentemente usa do como modelos de pesquisa. Este estudo analisa o efeito de di ferentes métodos de armazenamento na preservação da transparência do cristalino de porco. Métodos: Uma curva de transmissão espectral (de 220 até 780 nm) para o cristalino foi experimentalmente determinada após armazenamento em diferentes condições: solução salina, formol, óleo de mamona e congelamento a -80°C. Transmissão total do espectro visível, que foi usada como um índice de transparência foi calculada a partir dessas curvas. Para fins comparativos, lentes frescas foram avaliadas e usadas como controles. Resultados: O armazenamento do cristalino suíno em solução salina ou óleo de mamona resultou uma perda de transparência de aproximadamente 10% após 24 h e o armazenamento em formol resultou uma perda de quase 30%. O armazenamento por congelamento a -80°C durante 4 semanas manteve a transparência do cristalino; a transmissão espectral medida imediatamente após o descongelamen to à temperatura ambiente coincidiu exatamente com a da lente extraída recentemente. Conclusão: A transparência do cristalino suíno é afetada pelo método de armazenamento. O espectro visível é o mais afetado, evidenciado pelo efeito sobre a transparência e consequentemente a quantidade de luz transmitida. Os resultados mostram que o congelamento a -80°C mantém a transparência do cristalino suíno por pelo menos 4 semanas.

Behavior study of the doped castor bean polymer rod with bioactive glass and hidroxyapatite in mice femur medullary canal

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the polymer doped rods behavior with bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite for possible application as a fracture fixing method. Methods Twenty eight Rattus norvegicus Wistar underwent bone defect for access to the femoral medullary canal and distributed into three experimental groups: group A - doped castor bean polymer with bioactive glass; group B - castor bean polymer and; group C - castor bean polymer doped with bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite. After 15 and 60 evaluation days, the femurs were removed and sent for histology and scanning electron microscopy. Results Initially mild and moderate inflammatory infiltrate is observed that decreases as time goes by, and the presence of connective tissue capsule around the graft in all groups. Regarding the biomaterials resorption little was observed. The implanted rods did not favor the osteoconductive process in the femoral medullary canal which was observed only in the C15 group. Conclusions The association of castor bean polymer, bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite was biocompatible and osteointegrable. The osteoconductive only occurred in the presence of hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass (C15 Group) and little biodegradation was observed.

Aplicação de resina poliuretânica derivada do óleo de mamona em formas farmacêuticas gastrorretentivas de liberação controlada / Application of polyurethane resin from castor oil in controlled release gastroretentive dosage forms

Polímeros naturais têm sido amplamente utilizados como excipientes farmacêuticos, principalmente por serem biocompatíveis e renováveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a aplicação da resina poliuretânica derivada do óleo de mamona (RPDOM) em formas farmacêuticas gastrorretentivas de liberação controlada. O trabalho aqui apresentado está dividido em quatro capítulos. O capítulo 1 trata-se de uma visão geral sobre a aplicação dos poliuretanos como sistemas de liberação de fármacos, enfatizando os estudos contendo poliuretanos do óleo de mamona. O capítulo 2 trata-se de uma revisão sistemática sobre sistemas gastrorretentivos de liberação de fármacos. O capítulo 3 trata do desenvolvimento e da caracterização da RPDOM contendo fármaco na sua matriz. Domperidona e cloridrato de verapamil foram escolhidos como fármacos modelos devido ao potencial uso desses em formulações gastrorretentivas. Os estudos físico-químicos mostraram que parte da domperidona interagiu quimicamente com a RPDOM. Visto que não é possível a quebra dessa ligação química durante o estudo de dissolução, parte do fármaco ficou indisponível para liberação. Por outro lado, o verapamil foi incorporado com sucesso na RPDOM pelo método de evaporação do solvente. O verapamil interagiu através de forças intermoleculares com o polímero e esse sistema mostrou um promissor perfil de dissolução. O capítulo 4 trata do desenvolvimento de matrizes monolíticas flutuantes, contendo verapamil como fármaco modelo, espuma de polipropileno como excipiente de baixa densidade e um blend da RPDOM e da celulose microcristalina como sistema matricial. A capacidade de flutuação in vitro das matrizes e o controle da liberação do fármaco foram demonstrados. Por fim, a RPDOM mostrou-se um polímero promissor para o uso em sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos devido a sua hidrofobicidade e para o uso em sistemas gastrorretentivos flutuantes devido à sua baixa densidade

Natural polymers have been extensively used as pharmaceutical excipients mainly due to their biocompatibility and renewability. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of polyurethane resin from castor oil (PU) in controlled release gastroretentive dosage forms. The work presented herein is divided in four chapters. Chapter 1 is an overview of the application of polyurethanes as drug delivery systems, emphasizing studies containing castor oil-based polyurethanes. Chapter 2 is a systematic review of gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Chapter 3 is about the development and characterization of the PU containing drug in its matrix. Domperidone and verapamil hydrochloride were chosen as model drugs due to their potential use in gastroretentive formulations. Physicochemical studies showed that part of domperidone interacted chemically with PU. Since it is not possible a cleavage of the chemical bond between domperidone and the polyurethane during the dissolution study, part of the drug was not available for release. On the other hand, verapamil was successfully incorporated into PU by solvent evaporation method. Verapamil interacted by intermolecular forces with the polymer and this system showed a promising drug dissolution profile. Chapter 4 shows the development of floating monolithic matrices, containing verapamil as model drug, polypropylene foam as low-density excipient and a blend of PU and microcrystalline cellulose as matrix-forming polymers. The in vitro buoyancy capability of the matrices and the ability to control drug release were demonstrated. Finally, PU proved to be a potential polymer to be used in controlled drug delivery systems due to its hydrophobicity and in gastroretentive floating systems due to its low density

Intracervical foley catheter balloon versus oxytocin infusion as pre-induction cervical ripening agent in live term pregnancies with unfavorable cervices / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety as well as maternal and fetal outcome of intracervical Foley catheter balloon versus oxytocin infusion as pre-induction cervical ripening agents in live term pregnancies with unfavorable cervices.METHODS: Forty-two patients who fulfilled the induction criteria were randomized to 2 groups. Group 1= intracervical balloon catheter and Group 2= oxytocin infusion. Both groups were compared as to: insertion/infusion to active phase interval, induction to delivery interval, uterine hyperstimulation, pain intensity, delivery and fetal outcome. Analysis of data collected was done using Indepedent T-test.RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed no significant difference as to insertion/infusion to active phase interval (p 0.814) and induction to delivery interval (p 0.264) between the balloon and oxytocin groups. By percentage comparison, both groups have comparable results in the mode of delivery, likelihood of cesarean section and good fetal outcome. Statistical significance was observed with regards to absence of uterine hyperstimulation (p 0.036) and absence of pain (p 0.000) in favor of the balloon group.CONCLUSION: By percentage comparison, intracervical Foley catheter balloon and oxytocin were both effective and safe in achieving cervical dilatation. The Foley catheter showed statistical significance in terms of absence of uterine hyperstimulation and pain. Foley catheter is readily available and affordable. It may be considered as a good alternative to oxytocin.

Progress in bio-based polyamides / 生物工程学报

Bio-based polyamides are environment-friendly polymers. The precursors of bio-based polyamides come from bio-based materials such as castor oil, glucose and animal oil. Bio-based polyamides precursors include bio-based amino acids, bio-based lactams, bio-based diprotic acid and bio-based diamines. In this paper, we discussed the route of the precursors of bio-based polyamides that come from bio-based materials. We discussed the properties of bio-based polyamides. Bio-based PA11and bio-based PA1010 are well-known bio-based polyamides; we discussed the origin materials of the precursors, the route of manufacturing bio-based PA11 and PA1010, and their modifications status. The variety, classification and commercial production of bio-based polyamides were described in details, as well as bio-based polyamides development in China.

Antimicrobial activity of complete denture cleanser solutions based on sodium hypochlorite and Ricinus communis: a randomized clinical study

ABSTRACT To preserve oral health and to maintain the prosthetic devices, it is important not only to improve the properties of commonly known hygiene products, but also to investigate new materials with antimicrobial action. Objectives This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite (0.25% and 0.50%) and 10% Ricinus communis’ solutions against specific microorganisms. Material and Methods Sixty four maxillary complete denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures three times a day and to soak them (20 min/day) in the solutions: SH1: 0.25% sodium hypochlorite; SH2: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; RC: 10% R. communis oil; and C: 0.85% saline (control). The solutions were used for 7 days in a randomized sequence. Following each period of use, there was a 1-week washout period. Antimicrobial activity was determined by Colony Forming Units (CFU) counts of Streptococcus mutans, Candida spp., and gram-negative microorganisms. For collecting biofilm, the internal surface of maxillary dentures was brushed with saline solution, and biofilm suspension obtained. After dilutions (100 - 10-3), aliquots were seeded in Mitis salivarius, CHROMagar Candida®, and MacConkey agar for detecting S. mutans, Candida spp., or gram-negative microorganisms, respectively. After incubation, colonies were counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated. Then, transformation - log10 (CFU+1) - data were analyzed using the Friedman test (α=0.05). Results showed significant differences between the solutions (p<0.001). Results All three solutions showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Against Candida spp., RC and SH1 solutions showed similar effect while SH2 showed superior activity. SH1 and SH2 solutions showed antimicrobial action against gram-negative microorganisms. The Candida species most frequently isolated was C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. Conclusions The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and might be used to control denture biofilm. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated Candida sp.

Correlations and path analysis on oil content of castor genotypes / Correlações e análise de trilha sobre o teor de óleo de genótipos de mamona

With the aim of to evaluate the correlation and the direct and indirect effects of morphological descriptors on oil content of castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the agricultural years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul ­ Unit of Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments consisted of seven castor genotypes (BRS Energia, IAC-2028, IAC-Guarani, BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, IAC-80 and IAC-226). The following descriptors were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of bunches (NB), number of fruits (NF), mass of fruits (MF), mass of hundred seeds (MHS) and oil content (OC). Initially, it was determined the following genetic parameters: genotypic variance, environmental variance, coefficient of experimental variation, coefficient of genotypic variation, heritability, environmental correlations, phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations. The phenotypic correlations were deployed by path analysis in estimates of direct and indirect effects, and preceded the diagnosis of multicollinearity in explanatory variables and independent explanatory variables on the OC (primary dependent variable). The results indicated that the direct and indirect selection of genotypes with plant height, stem diameter, number of bunches and mass of hundred seeds is promising to select genotypes with high oil content in castor.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a correlação e os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres morfológicos sobre o teor de óleo de genótipos de mamona (Ricinus communis L.), um experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de sete genótipos de mamona (BRS Energia, IAC-2028, IAC-Guarani, BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, IAC-80 e IAC-226). Foram avaliados os descritores: altura da planta (PH), diâmetro do colmo (SD), número de cachos (NB), número de frutos (NF), massa de frutos (MF), massa de cem sementes (MHS) and teor de óleo (OC). Inicialmente foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros genéticos: variância genotípica, variância ambiental, coeficiente de variância experimental, coeficiente de variação genotípica, herdabilidade, correlações ambientais, correlações fenotípicas e correlações genotípicas. As correlações fenotípicas foram desdobradas pela análise de trilha em estimativas de efeitos diretos e indiretos, e procedeu-se ao diagnóstico da multicolinearidade das variáveis independentes explicativas sobre o OC (variável dependente principal). Os resultados indicam que a seleção direta e indireta de genótipos com altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de cachos e massa de cem sementes são promissoras para se selecionar genótipos com maior teor de óleo em mamona.

Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of the castor bean polymer doped with silica (SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles

PURPOSE: To evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenesis of castor oil polymer doped with SiO2 or BaTiO3 nanoparticles. METHODS: Twenty four male rats Wistar were submitted to bone defect filled with castor oil polymer. The animals were distributed in two experimental groups had been formed with 12 animals each: Group 1 - Castor oil polymer doped with 0.30 grams of SiO2 replacing 0.30 grams of CaCO3. Group 2 - Castor oil polymer doped with 0.30 grams of BaTiO3 replacing 0.30 grams of CaCO3. Euthanasia occurred 30 and 60 days after surgery and the femurs were sent to histological analysis and MEV. RESULTS: The implants were biocompatible and allowed for progressive osteogenesis through osteoconduction in both observation periods. There was significant bone neoformation at 30 and 60 days in both groups within the histomorphometric evaluation, but group 1's osteogenesis was lesser in the 30 and 60-day periods observed when compared to the animals of group 2. The MEV morphometric evaluation evidenced a lesser percentage of osseous tissue filling within the BaTiO2-doped polymer. CONCLUSION: The castor oil polymer doped with SiO2 or BaTiO3 remained biocompatible and allowed for progressive osteogenesis in both observation periods. .

Antimicrobial action of sodium hypochlorite and castor oil solutions for denture cleaning – in vitro evaluation

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of sodium hypochlorite (0.25% and 0.50%) and 10% castor oil solutions against specific microorganisms, by counting Colony Forming Units (CFU) of clinically important bacteria and Candida species. Acrylic resin specimens (n = 320; Lucitone 550) were obtained from square metal matrices (10 x 10 x 2 mm), sterilized by microwave (650W, for 6 minutes) and contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalisand Candida glabrata. The specimens were immersed for 20 minutes in one of the following hygiene solutions (n = 10/each): A – 0.25% Sodium hypochlorite; B – 0.5% Sodium hypochlorite; C – 10% Castor oil solution; and D (Control) – saline. Adhered cells were suspended and inoculated into a selective solid medium (37ºC for 24 h). The Student’s t-test (α = 0.05) was performed to compare log10(CFU+1)/mL between Groups C and D. The results showed that sodium hypochlorite (0.25% and 0.5%) completely eliminated all detectable microorganisms. The castor oil solution eliminatedB. subtilisand reduced counts for other strains. Differences between C and D were significant (p < 0.05) for all species except for E. faecalis. Both sodium hypochlorite solutions (0.25% and 0.5%) were effective in eliminating all microorganisms evaluated, and may be useful as cleaning solutions for complete dentures. The castor oil solution provided moderate efficacy and performed differently on the tested species, with the strongest effect on B. subtilis and with non-significant action on E. faecalis.

Intravenous tacrolimus and cyclosporine induced anaphylaxis: what is next?

Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been used in various formulations, but their hypersensitivity reactions are rare in practice. Castor oil derivatives are nonionic surfactants used in aqueous preparations of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients. Castor oil derivatives that can be used as additives to tacrolimus and cyclosporine may play a role in the development of hypersensitivity reactions, especially anaphylaxis. Various immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms have been implicated in hypersensitivity reactions induced by castor oil derivatives. Physicians should be aware that not only the drug itself, but also its additives or metabolites could induce hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of anaphylaxis caused by vitamin K (phytonadine), serotonin antagonist (granisetron), intravenous tacrolimus, and cyclosporine. Interestingly, the patient tolerated oral cyclosporine, which did not contain Cremophor EL or polysorbate 80.

A castor oil-containing dental luting agent: effects of cyclic loading and storage time on flexural strength

Favorable results in the use of castor oil polyurethane (COP) as pulp capping, membrane material, sealer, mouthwash and in bone repair, associated with the fact that Ricinus communis is not derived from petroleum and it is abundant in Brazil, encourage researches in the development of luting agents. Objectives This study compared the flexural strength (FS) of a castor oil-containing dental luting agent with a weight percentage of 10% (wt%) of calcium carbonate (COP10) with RelyX ARC (RX) after mechanical cycling (MC) and distilled water storage. Material and Methods Sixty-four specimens (25x2x2 mm) were fabricated and divided into two groups, COP10 and RX (control). Each group was divided into 4 subgroups (n=8) according to the storage time, 24 hours (24 h) or 60 days (60 d), and the performance (MC+FS) or not (only FS) of the mechanical cycling test. The FS (10 kN; 0.5 mm/min) and MC tests (10,000 cycles, 5 Hz, 0.5 mm/min) were carried out using an MTS-810 machine. The data were analyzed using ANOVA (α=0.05). Results The obtained FS (MPa) values were: COP10 24h- 19.04±2.41; COP10 60d- 17.92±3.54; RX 24h- 75.19±3.43; RX 60d- 88.77±6.89. All the RX specimens submitted to MC fractured, while the values for COP10 after MC were as follows: COP10 24h- 17.90±1.87 and COP10 60d- 18.60±1.60. Conclusions A castor oil-containing dental luting agent with a weight percentage of 10% (wt%) of calcium carbonate is resistant to mechanical cycling without decreases in flexural strength. However, mean COP10 showed only about 25% of the RelyX ARC mean flexural strength. .

Biocompatibility of Ricinus communis polymer with addition of calcium carbonate compared to titanium. Experimental study in guinea pigs / Biocompatibilidade do polímero de óleo de mamona com acréscimo de carbonato de cálcio comparado ao titânio. Estudo experimental em cobaias.

Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether the difference in inflammatory tissue reaction between the Riccinus communis (castor) polymer with calcium carbonate and the titanium implant is statistically significant. Methods: Thirty-two Cavia porcellus were allocated into four groups of eight animals each. We implanted the two types of materials in the retroperitoneal space of all the animals. They were euthanized at 7, 20, 30 and 40 days after surgery, and an histological study of the samples was conducted. Results: All implants showed characteristics of chronic inflammation regardless of the material and timepoint of evaluation. There was no statistically significant difference between Pm+CaCO3 and Ti with regard to the presence of granulation tissue, tissue congestion, histiocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, giant cells, and fibrosis (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The castor oil polymer plus calcium carbonate implant was not statistically different from the titanium implant regarding inflammatory tissue reaction. .

Objetivo: Determinar se a reação tecidual do implante retroperitoneal do polímero de óleo de mamona com acréscimo de carbonato de cálcio (Pm+CaCO3) é significativa, por meio de análise histopatológica, tendo como controle o implante de titânio não tratado (Ti). Métodos: Estudo experimental, intervencionista e randomizado com 32 cobaias. Os animais foram separados em quatro grupos iguais e eutanasiados com 7, 20, 30 e 40 dias após o ato cirúrgico. Foram confeccionadas lâminas em hematoxilina-eosina e em tricrômio de Masson. Em relação a variáveis qualitativas dicotômicas, para análise da diferença entre o Pm+CaCO3 e o Ti em cada momento de avaliação foi usado o teste binomial. Considerando os materiais separadamente, a comparação dos quatro grupos foi feita utilizandose o teste exato de Fisher. Valores de P<0,05 indicaram significância estatística. Resultados: Todos os implantes apresentaram características de inflamação crônica, independente do material e do momento de avaliação. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o Pm+CaCO3 e o Ti considerando a presença de tecido de granulação, congestão tecidual, histiócitos, linfócitos, neutrófilos, células gigantes e fibrose (P>0,05). Conclusão: Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre a reação tecidual do Pm+CaCO3 e a do Ti. .

Antidiarrhoeal evaluation of rhizomes of Cryptocoryne spiralis Fisch. ex Wydler: Antimotility and antisecretory effects.

The antidiarrhoeal activity of Cryptocoryne spiralis rhizomes extract (250, 500, 750 mg/kg, po) was evaluated using faecal excretion, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, small intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation, gastric emptying and PGE2 induced enteropooling models in rats. In addition, various biochemical estimations, histopathological studies and antibacterial evaluations on strains responsible for diarrhoea were also performed. The results illustrated a significant reduction in normal faecal output rate after 5th and 7th h of treatment, while castor oil-induced diarrhoea model depicted a protection of 55.44% at same dose level from diarrhoea. The other models except, gastric emptying test demonstrated more pronounced effect at same dose level. A significant inhibition in nitric oxide, increase in carbohydrates, protein, DNA, Na+ and K+ level with minimum degeneration of colonic fibrous tissues and potent antibacterial activity were also observed. The antidiarrhoeal potential of C. spiralis may be as a result of antimotility and antisecretory type effect mediated through nitric oxide pathway.

Trial of an Experimental Castor Oil Solution for Cleaning Dentures

Denture hygiene is essential because denture biofilm is involved in oral infections and systemic diseases. Although there are chemical agents available on the market, none of them have ideal properties and research on such products is still necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a castor bean (Ricinus communis)-based solution for removing denture biofilm, compared to two traditional products (sodium hypochlorite and alkaline peroxide). Fifty maxillary complete denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures after meals and to immerse their dentures once a day in the following solutions: Saline (20 min; control), Polident alkaline peroxide (3 min), NaOCl (20 min) and 2% castor oil solution (20 min). Participants used each solution for a period of 7 consecutive days, according to a random sequence. After each period, the internal surfaces of maxillary complete dentures were stained with a disclosing solution (1% neutral red), photographed and the disclosed biofilm was quantified with the aid of specific software. The influence of treatments on results was verified by the Friedman test (α=0.05). Tested solutions presented significant difference (Fr=51.67; p<0.001). Saline and NaOCl were significantly different (median: 2.0% and 0.0%) whereas Polident and castor oil presented intermediate results (median: 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively). It can be concluded that the castor oil solution tested in this study was comparable to alkaline peroxide in terms of efficiency in denture biofilm removal.

A higiene de próteses totais é essencial, uma vez que o biofilme da prótese está envolvido com infecções orais e doenças sistêmicas. Apesar de existirem agentes químicos disponíveis no mercado, nenhum deles apresenta propriedades ideais e pesquisas com esses produtos ainda são necessárias. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma solução de mamona (Ricinus communis) para a remoção do biofilme de prótese total, comparada com dois produtos comerciais (NaOCl e peróxido alcalino). Cinqüenta usuários de próteses totais maxilares foram instruídos a escovar as próteses após as refeições e imergi-las uma vez por dia nas seguintes soluções: soro fisiológico (20 min), Peróxido alcalino Polident (3 min), NaOCl a 1% (20 min) e solução de mamona (20 min). Os participantes utilizaram cada solução por um período de sete dias consecutivos, de acordo com uma sequência aleatória. Após cada período, as superfícies internas das próteses totais superiores foram coradas com solução evidenciadora (vermelho neutro a 1%), fotografadas e o biofilme evidenciado foi quantificado com software. A influência dos tratamentos sobre os resultados foi verificada pelo teste de Friedman (α=0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre as soluções (Fr=51,67;p<0,001). O soro fisiológico e o NaOCl foram significativamente diferentes (mediana: 2,0% e 0,0%), enquanto o Polident e a solução de mamona apresentaram resultados intermediários (mediana: 1,0% e 1,5%, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que a solução de mamona avaliada é comparável ao peróxido alcalino, em termos de remoção do biofilme de prótese total.

Insecticide activity of Beauveria bassiana and castor bean oil against Plutella xylostella under greenhouse / Atividade inseticida de Beauveria bassiana e óleo de mamona sobre Plutella xylostella em casa telada

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), one of the principal pests of brassicas, can reduce productivity and thus cause losses for brassica farmers. Alternative controls, such as biological agents and plant extracts, may be used to reduce insect populations, either alone or in conjunction with pest management programs. The objective was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and castor bean oil and mixtures of both components against the diamondback moth. To do so, we separately used castor bean oil (at 2% concentration), the isolate ESALQ-447 and a commercial formulation (Boveril® WP), and a mixture of castor bean oil with the isolate and the B. bassiana product formulation, totaling six treatments with a control. Assays were carried out under greenhouse with the respective treatments sprayed on cabbage plants infested with four second instar larvae of P. xylostella. The evaluated parameters were larval mortality and pupal and larval viability. All treatments reduced larval viability in relation to the control, however, only the ESALQ-447 isolate or a mixture of the isolate with castor bean oil reduced pupal viability, significantly reducing the pest population levels in the next generation. Castor bean oil mixed with B. bassiana, however, does not augment pest mortality.

A traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), uma das principais pragas das brássicas, pode ocasionar redução na produtividade e consequentemente prejuízos aos produtores rurais destas culturas. A busca por alternativas de controle, como o uso do controle biológico e extratos de plantas são métodos de redução populacional de insetos que podem ser usados isoladamente ou associados em programas de manejo fitossanitário. Dessa forma, o objetivo foi avaliar a atividade inseticida de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., do óleo de mamona e a associação destes, visando ao controle da traça-das-crucíferas. Para isso, foram utilizados isoladamente o óleo de mamona (na concentração de 2%), o isolado ESALQ-447 e um formulado comercial (Boveril® WP) e a mistura do óleo de mamona com o respectivo isolado e com o produto formulado de B. bassiana, totalizando assim seis tratamentos com a testemunha. Os ensaios foram realizados em casa telada, onde plantas de repolho infestadas com quatro larvas de segundo ínstar de P. xylostella foram pulverizadas com os respectivos tratamentos mencionados. Os parâmetros avaliados foram mortalidade larval, viabilidade larval e pupal. Todos os tratamentos reduziram a viabilidade larval em relação à testemunha, no entanto apenas o isolado ESALQ-447 ou a sua associação com o óleo de mamona reduziram a viabilidade pupal, diminuindo significativamente o nível populacional da praga na próxima geração. Contudo, o óleo de mamona misturado com B. bassiana não aumenta a mortalidade da praga.

In vitro evaluation of three different biomaterials as scaffolds for canine mesenchymal stem cells

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro ability the of three different biomaterials - purified hydroxyapatite, demineralized bone matrix and castor oil-based polyurethane - as biocompatible 3D scaffolds for canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) intending bone tissue engineering. METHODS: MSCs were isolated from canine bone marrow, characterized and cultivated for seven days with the biomaterials. Cell proliferation and adhesion to the biomaterial surface were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy while differentiation into osteogenic lineage was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining and Sp7/Osterix surface antibody marker. RESULTS: The biomaterials allowed cellular growth, attachment and proliferation. Osteogenic differentiation occurred in the presence of hydroxyapatite, and matrix deposition commenced in the presence of the castor oil-based polyurethane. CONCLUSION: All the tested biomaterials may be used as mesenchymal stem cell scaffolds in cell-based orthopedic reconstructive therapy.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. Material and Methods: Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, G5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1st collection, after instrumentation; and 2nd collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Results: The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1st and 2nd collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. Conclusion: It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity. .